Around 500 years ago, European nations began to explore the world around them more than ever before. With safer and faster ships, Europeans were able to sail across the globe, over oceans that had once been unnavigable. As they undertook these great voyages of discovery they encountered cultures very different to their own. In many cases, Europeans established settlements in the lands of these other cultures and came to dominate them. The term “colonialism” was invented to describe this overtaking of one culture by another.Early European exploration was undertaken chiefly by the Portuguese and the Spanish. New shipbuilding technology, and the recession of the Islamic Empire in the Middle East, allowed these two nations to send explorers out of the Mediterranean Sea for the first time.